Which phrase best describes the state of man according to biblical teachings?

The phrase that best describes the state of man according to biblical teachings is that individuals are "dead in sins before encountering God's grace." This reflects the theological concept of total depravity, which suggests that humanity, as a result of the Fall, is spiritually dead and unable to achieve righteousness on their own. Biblical texts such as Ephesians 2:1-3 emphasize that all have sinned and are spiritually dead, relying solely on God's grace for salvation and renewal. This perspective underscores the necessity of divine intervention for redemption, illustrating the importance of God's grace in restoring the relationship between mankind and Himself.

The other phrases do not fully align with the biblical doctrine of humanity's condition. The idea of being inherently good or always striving for perfection does not account for the inherent sinfulness and separation from God that the scriptures highlight. While the desire for independence from God can be a theme in the human experience, it does not capture the overarching message of humanity's dependence on God's grace for spiritual life and reconciliation.